SCHOOL-AGE (6-12 YEARS)

SCHOOL-AGE (6-12 YEARS)

-       characterized by having the most slow period of growth and development

-       tends to look “lanky”, because bone development precedes muscular development

-       pubescent changes may begin to appear esp in females

-       permanent dentition, beginning with molars at 6 years old and central incisors by 7-8 years old

I.              Development

a.     Erickson

ü  Industry vs. Inferiority

ü  Child develops sense of confidence and creativity; feelings of success or worthiness

ü  Knows how to do things well

ü  Needs to have freedom to develop strong sense of industry

ü  Inferiority arises due to the dependence of the child to his significant others which could make it difficult adapting the adult life

ü  SCHOOLMATES: most significant person

b.    Freud

ü  Latency Stage

ü  Silent phase of personality

ü  The period of suppression

ü  “homosexuality” arises

c.     Kohlberg

ü  Conventional

ü  Behavior is form by acceptance of others

ü  “I will do because others expect me to do”

ü  Respect authorities, follows rules and laws

ü  Desire to please others

ü  Wants to be considered good

d.    Piaget

ü  Concrete Operations

ü  Has logical thinking

ü  With the “concept of reversibility”

ü  Understand others’ point of view

ü  Operations of math, names months of year, days of the week, knows right from left, can follow several directions at once

II.             Developmental milestone

a.     7 years

ü  Quieting stage

ü  Teachers find this group easy to handle

ü  Psychosomatic illness is common

ü  Copies diamond

ü  Usually out with peers

b.    8 years

ü  Capable of increase self care

ü  Sometimes withdrawn

ü  Able to tell the days of the week

ü  Teachers find this group intellectual

ü  Characterized by normal homosexuality

c.     9 years

ü  Neither youth nor a child

ü  Teacher finds this group most difficult to handle in school

ü  Tell months of the year

ü  Select favorite sports

ü  Stealing and lying are common

ü  Greatly influenced by peers

d.    10 years

ü  Pre-adolescence stage

ü  Loves dancing and listening to music

ü  Enjoys water

ü  Poor posture

ü  Hero worship

ü  Considerate of others

ü  Critical of adults

III.            Play

a.      

IV.           Common fears

a.     Fear of loss of privacy

b.    Fear of death

c.     Fear of replacement/ displacement from school; failure at school

d.    School phobia because of intimidating teachers

e.     Fear of unknown events and procedures

f.     Loss of control and dependence

g.    Fear of bodily harm

h.     Fear of interruption of daily routine; separation from friends/ peers, inability to perform/participate in usual activities

V.            MANAGEMENT

a.     Parents need to provide emotional support and reassure to their child undergoing hospitalization

b.    Parents should be able to respond in a wide range, including guilt, fears with regards to hospitalization experiences

c.     Explain diagnostic modalities and treatment at level of the child’s understanding

d.    Involve child and parents in planning

e.     Provide time for play as an outlet for fear, anger, and hostility, as well as temporary escape from reality

f.     Keep verbal explanation as simple as possible- -- just remember KISS (keep it short and simple) J

g.    Add details about procedures, drugs, surgery and the like as the child’s cognitive level and personal experiences increase

h.     Provide tutoring if absence is prolonged

i.      Encourage visits from siblings and friends

j.      Allow the verbalization of feelings, emotions and fears. Expect and accept regression